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吴承恩，字汝忠，号射阳山人，淮安府山阳（今江苏省淮安市）人。约生于明弘治十三年至正德初年之间（1500—1510），约卒于万历十年（1582）。吴承恩的曾祖父、祖父都是读书人，任过县学的训导、教谕。但到了他父亲吴锐这一辈，由于家贫困，出赘徐家，“遂袭徐氏业，坐肆中”，当起了小商人。尽管如此，吴家却不失读书的传统。据说其父吴锐虽为商人，不仅为人正派，而且好读书，好谈时政，这自然对吴承恩产生较大影响。吴承恩从小就很聪明，很早入了学，少年得志，名满乡里。天启《淮安府志》卷十六说吴承恩“性敏而多慧，博极群书，为诗文，下笔立成。”但成年后的吴承恩却很不顺利，在科举进身的道路上屡遭挫折，到四十多岁才补了一个岁贡生，五十多岁任过浙江长兴县丞，后又担任过荆王府纪善，这是同县丞级别差不多的闲职。吴承恩创作《西游记》大约是中年以后，或认为是晚年所作，具体时间无法确定。除《西游记》外，他还创作有长诗《二郎搜山图歌》和《禹鼎志》。现存《射阳先生存稿》四卷，包括诗一卷、散文三卷，是吴承恩逝世后由丘度编订而成。 《西游记》全书一百回，从大的结构上看，可分成三个部分。第一回至第八回是第一部分，主要写了孙悟空出世、拜师、大闹天宫，这是全书最精彩的章节，热闹非凡，孙悟空上天入地好一顿折腾，将他的反抗性格表现得淋漓尽致。第八回至第十二回是第二部分，主要写了唐僧的出身及取经的缘由。第十三回至最后一回是第三部分，主要写唐僧西天取经，路上先后收了孙悟空、猪八戒、沙和尚三个徒弟，并历经九九八十一难，终于取到了真经，修成了正果。 《西游记》向人们展示了一个绚丽多彩的神魔世界，人们无不在作者丰富而大胆的艺术想象面前惊叹不已。然而，任何一部文学作品都是一定社会生活的反映，作为神魔小说杰出代表的《西游记》亦不例外。正如鲁迅先生在《中国小说史略》中指出，《西游记》“讽刺揶揄则取当时世态，加以铺张描写”。又说：“作者禀性，‘复善谐剧’，故虽述变幻恍忽之事，亦每杂解颐之言，使神魔皆有人情，精魅亦通世故。”的确如此。通过《西游记》中虚幻的神魔世界，我们处处可以看到现实社会的投影。如在孙悟空的形象创造上，就寄托了作者的理想。孙悟空那种不屈不挠的斗争精神，奋起金箍棒，横扫一切妖魔鬼怪的大无畏气概，反映了人民的愿望和要求。他代表了一种正义的力量，表现出人民战胜一切困难的必胜信念。又如取经路上遇到的那些妖魔，或是自然灾难的幻化，或是邪恶势力的象征。他们的贪婪、凶残、阴险和狡诈，也正是封建社会里的黑暗势力的特点。不仅如此，玉皇大帝统治的天宫、如来佛祖管辖的西方极乐世界，也都浓浓地涂上了人间社会的色彩。而作者对封建社会最高统治者的态度也颇可玩味，在《西游记》中，简直找不出一个称职的皇帝；至于昏聩无能的玉皇大帝、宠信妖怪的车迟国国王、要将小儿心肝当药引子的比丘国国王，则不是昏君就是暴君。对这些形象的刻画，即使是信手拈来，也无不具有很强的现实意义。 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