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在当代政治哲学的兴盛中，伯林的著作起到了特殊的重要作用。它激发了持续、昂扬更是富有启发性的辩论。它涉猎广博，既有磅礴的历史感，又有鲜明的现代情怀，在当代学术进展中使政治思想突然变得令人激动并充满乐趣。 ——罗纳德·德沃金 平等的公民各有其不同的因而也是不可公度、不可调和的善的观念，伯林的这个毕生信念，对自由主义来说是核心性的。 ——约翰·罗尔斯 这个人告诉我们非常重要的真理，我们因为党派偏见或者因为对理性的狭隘理解而难以倾听的真理。他告诉我们道德的悲剧性与复杂性，告诉我们相互冲突的希望可能导致的不幸。但是他也向我们提供另一种希望：如果我们能公正地坚持这种复杂性，这种悖论，并在同情的理解中调和那些不可公度的道德之善，我们在这个世界上便不难相处。 ——查尔斯·泰勒 编者絮语： 自由是惟一真正的财富。 ——威廉·黑兹利特 在以赛亚·伯林去世那一年,我受《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》之邀,为他们的“口述”系列撰稿。它要求作者简单地写下对他影响最大的一本书。我毫不犹豫地选择了《自由四论》。它不仅使我第一次阅读它时感到震撼,而且使我从此走上编辑伯林著作之路,并且,在三十年以后,使我出版《四论》的扩充本。 《副刊》上我的那一篇文章写作于伯林去世前不久,刊出于他去世后不久。其中部分段落值得在此重复： 在我1972年进入牛津沃尔夫森学院做研究生时,我根本没料到我将发现自己的最终职业。学院院长是以赛亚·伯林。一见到他(在一次奖学金面试上,我因为遇车祸而迟到,在面试期间他不停地走到窗口,看看准备带他去午餐会的出租车来没来),我就觉得他是个了不起的人物;而在此之前我没有读过他的任何著作,对他几乎一无所知。 我问应该从何开始,当即被指导去读三年前出版的《自由四论》。在一个假期,我带着它与朋友一起到遥远的埃克斯穆尔小屋旅行,我被书惊呆了。伯林喜欢提及“在第一流的水中航行”的不会搞错的感觉,这也是我体验到的感觉。除了包含在这本书中的命题的说服力以外,这里显然表现出这样一个人,他对人类本性有着非凡的洞见,被赋予丰富的“现实感”,而且也非常高兴在别人身上发现这种感觉。在具体观点上可能还有争论余地,但是在大的论题上,我们会感到他是可靠的。 这本书的核心纲领是伯林的价值多元论,即他的这种信念：人所追求的价值不仅是多元的,而且有时是互不相容的;这不仅适用于整个文化即价值体系的层面,而且适用于某一特殊文化或个体的价值。各种一元论宗教与政治意识形态的一个基本特征是,声称得救的道路只有一条,正确的生活方式只有一个,真正的价值结构只有一个。正是这种主张,当得到狂热的表达时,导致原教旨主义、迫害与不宽容。多元主义要预防的就是这种危险。它是自由主义与宽容之源：不仅仅是那种等待错误被改正的不稳定的宽容,而且是那种深刻的、持久的宽容,这种宽容接受并欢迎那些与我们自己所奉行的生活见解根本不同的生活见解。 《四论》还充满着其他的闪光点,包括在《历史的不可避免性》中对历史主义与决定论的毁灭性批判,在《两种自由概念》中对“积极”与“消极”自由的著名讨论,以及在《穆勒与生活的目的》中对穆勒思想的内在紧张的检视。它是我所读过的最丰富且最富人情味的作品之一,它当之无愧地成为经典。 也就是说,现在篡改它简直是lèsemajesté(大不敬)。但很快我们就会明白,作者自己在一开始就非常热切地期望对它进行扩充,我觉得我自己只是把这个过程推进到其逻辑终点而已。 在我对《四论》的评论中,我把多元主义而不是自由主义当做重心,对此我并不想辩解什么,虽然其他人的着重点可能正好相反。伯林的多元主义对我来说似乎是个更深刻与更具原创性的命题,这并不是否认他的那种自由主义或内在于这种自由主义的人性观的不可或缺;依这种人性观,在不可公度地多样化的可能性中,选择的自由是核心的。的确,多元主义与自由主义,伯林哲学视野中的这两个主导性因素(有时被恰当地称作“自由多元主义”),是相互依存与相互支撑的,而且我有时想把这本论文集的题目改作《自由与多样性》;但是,奥卡姆式的律令——被呼应众所周知的早先标题的实用欲望所加强——最终占了上风。 《自由五论》： 事情还得从林内与斯塔沃斯关于伯林的谈话开始。 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