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相对而言，外国文学研究在基督教神学和中世纪文学方面的准备都还比较薄弱，因而确实需要以详实的第一手材料为依据，从中世纪欧洲文学与基督教文化的相互关联入手，对该时代的文学特征和神学信念进行双重的探讨。由此，进一步的相关研究才能有比较实在的基础。同时，无论就中世纪欧洲文学进行译介还是研究，都应该具有一定的问题意识。而有关问题的提出及其针对性，便也自然构成了可能的研究思路。 一、中世纪欧洲文学研究的跨文化、跨学科性质 中世纪欧洲文学的独特样式、由来和发展，注定要使相关讨论成为一种跨文化、跨学科的研究。 它之所以是跨文化的，不仅是因为基督教本身就体现着古代希腊与希伯来两大传统的融合，而且还在于“蛮族”文化、罗马文化对中世纪欧洲之语言、民俗及文学风格的深刻影响，在于中世纪欧洲所包纳的东方与西方之差异。这种复杂的多文化交融可以溯源于远古游牧民族的迁徙、早期希腊人的东扩和罗马帝国在纪元之初的巨大成功，然而最终是在中世纪得到重组和延续，形成了一个以地中海为依托的基督教世界。这既是欧洲的基督教化过程，也是基督教的欧洲化过程。离开这一基本的跨文化考察，对于中世纪欧洲文学的理解乃是不可能的。因此对中世纪欧洲文化的解说，应当成为中世纪欧洲文学研究的基础；进而才能根据基督教与希伯来传统、古希腊传统、“蛮族”传统、罗马—拜占庭传统的关系，寻求中世纪欧洲文化品格的总体定位。 它之所以是跨学科的，则是由于基督教观念对中世纪欧洲文学具有一种根本的规定性，由于中世纪欧洲文学格外鲜明地体现着宗教的动机和宗教热情。以最具“人文”性质、而似乎远离“神学”的中世纪语法学、修辞学和逻辑学为例：这些“人文学科”为世俗作家排序（the list of authors）并研究其创作的形式或风格，其实是要为最后阅读《圣经》做准备；而罗马诗人维吉尔高居世俗作家的榜首，也是因为他的创作被认为最接近于神圣的文本。参阅O. B. Hardison等编写： Medieval Literary Criticism： Translations and Interpretations， New York： Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.， 1974.由是观之，有论者以为维吉尔在《神曲》中的向导形象表达了但丁的“人文主义理想”，恐怕多少有些望文生义。又如欧洲中世纪的戏剧，从时间线索上看，它似乎应当承袭古希腊和古罗马的戏剧传统，而实际上除去泰伦斯的几部剧作之外，当时根本没有任何古代的作品传世；即使是泰伦斯的这几部作品，也基本上被欧洲中世纪早期的作家们视为有伤风化的闹剧而予以排斥。参阅Joseph Strayer， ed.， Dictionary of the Middle Ages， New York： Harper Collins Publishers， 1983， vol. IV， 第315页。因此，中世纪戏剧几乎完全是派生于基督教圣餐仪式的一个独特的戏剧品种。对于这样一种文学现象，神学的梳理和历史的考察就不能仅仅作为一般的背景，而要与文学的分析互为表里。具体到中世纪欧洲文学史的研究，这应当体现为关于基督教宇宙观、《圣经》解释学、神学象征学说等方面的讨论。也许可以说，这些观念是基督教与中世纪欧洲文学之间最主要的连接点。 二、中世纪欧洲文学从“非国族化” 到“本土化”的特征 近代以来的文学史观念，大体上是以民族意识、民族语言和民族国家为内核，因而“国别”文学（或者“类别”文学）乃是文学史研究中的最普遍方法。但是至少在中世纪的早期和中期，欧洲并没有条缕分明的“民族文学”之界限，却是体现着更大程度的跨民族性和跨文化性；因此它很难被后世的文学史观念简单地涵盖。这不仅是由于语系的相近而在不同语言之间留有相互影响的痕迹，甚至其题材也并非各自独立的。比如亚瑟王的故事、《罗兰之歌》、《尼伯龙根之歌》等等都是由多个民族共享的素材资源，研究者无法以它们分别代表英语文学、法语文学或者德语文学；即使做“类别”研究，也只能将它们归入英格兰题材、不列颠题材、日耳曼题材、法兰西题材和罗马题材。参阅W. R. J. 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