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对这个问题的回答，早些年里是无须长思的，甚至可以说是不言而喻的。但近年来忠实论者受到的质疑甚多，风气一反以往。或许只是由于时代变了，因而突显的问题层面有所不同而已。但是，许多在我看来属于忠实论阵营的翻译实践者和翻译理论家，的确都或多或少在理论上认同并转向背叛论。这是我近年来常常感受到的一个事实，也是我在读完许钧的大作《翻译论》后又一次感受到的事实。[①] 许钧的《翻译论》相当系统周全，没有长年大量的翻译实践和翻译理论研究的积累，这样一部论著是拿不出来的。他的翻译论具体说来有翻译本质论、翻译过程论、翻译意义论、翻译因素论、翻译矛盾论、翻译主体论、翻译价值与批评论。但没有见到他提出过翻译类型论。我未做过专门研究，不知是否可以把所有翻译粗略地分为三类：1）技术类、2）文学类、3）思想类。 当然，这种分类是否还有遗漏，这个问题实际上并不重要。因为我在这里的主要意图是想说：如果以技术为主导的翻译与语言学的原理有关，例如与语际转换的规律有关，以文学为主导的翻译与文艺学的原理有关，例如与风格、神韵等等问题有关，那么以思想为主导的翻译就与解释学的原理有关，例如与理解和诠释的可能和限度有关。思想翻译必定包含着诠释的因素，当然首先也就包含理解的因素。而我关注的正是思想翻译。 无疑，思想翻译比其他翻译类型更多地涉及意义问题，首先涉及对作者原意的理解，然后涉及对这个原意的转述。我想翻译界的学者们大都不会否认这样一个基本事实的成立。再进一步说，如果与意义相对应的是思维，与转述或表述相对应的是语言，那么思想翻译在我看来首先也就是思维和语言的关系问题。 这个问题由来已久，古代西方的苏格拉底－柏拉图、亚里士多德讨论过这个问题，例如作为柏拉图所说的心灵与自身的对话；古代东方的佛教也讨论过这个问题，例如作为意业、语业、身业的关系；中国古代的思想家也在讨论，例如作为庄子所说的意与言的关系。到了近代，它更是成为一个关注的焦点，卢梭、赫尔德、洪堡、施莱尔马赫都把这个问题作为自己的思考重点。现代的维特根斯坦、胡塞尔、海德格尔也都仍然无法回避。更不用说当代的语言学和语言哲学、心理学和心智哲学，它在这些学科中依然占据着中心问题的位置。 关于思想翻译，前人已经说得很多，有许多可以拿来做参照的。我们这代人还能在此之外提供些什么新的东西呢？我对此把握不大。但我想，如果有，可能就是翻译理论界对译者身份的重新定位。忠实与叛逆，显然与这种对译者身份的重新界定有内在关联。 叛逆论之所以能够在翻译理论界占主导地位，很可能与当下的时代精神过多地偏好解释的权利有关。解释学中的读者中心论，在翻译论这里表现为译者中心论。很难说当代解释学的那几个原初倡导者们会乐于看到这个结果。 即便早个几十年，译者通常也还被要求以化身的方式融在译作之中。译者的主体意识虽然会随译者的自我意识的强弱程度不同而有或显或隐的宣露，但那是不自觉的，例如傅雷的译文风格并不是他本人刻意想要在译文中表露出来的。相反，在翻译一个与自己文笔风格不相容的作品时，译者还更有责任做出压抑自己的努力——当然，最好的方式是干脆不译那些与自己风格迴异的作品。倘若一个演员在演任何一个角色时都只想把他自己演出来，那么这个演员就很难说是出色的。翻译也是如此。W. R. 别林斯基便说过：“如果普希金想翻译歌德，那么我们会期待，在翻译中显现出来的不是他自己，而是歌德。”[②]在年初于中山大学召开的“翻译与解释”的研讨会上，我也曾直言不讳地对许钧说：“我买昆德拉的《不能承受的生命之轻》，并不是为了读许钧。” 这些要求应当是不言而喻的，甚至这里的重复都会显得多余。但另一方面又的确可以看到，在主张叛逆论的人中的确有一些像许钧这样的严肃学者，因而叛逆论的提出必定有它的理论基础。 首先需要指出的一点在于，如果有人主张忠实或叛逆，那么首先要弄清，忠实或叛逆是针对什么而言。在思想翻译中，例如在《圣经》翻译中，如果译者的任务像W. 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