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斯密在《国富论》中要回答的最后问题是，感情与\"公平的旁观者\"之间的内在斗争，在社会的长期演进中究竟是怎样在历史本身的大舞台上发生作用的。这个问题的答案见第五编，他列举了社会发展的四个主要组织阶段，除非由资源的匮乏、战争或政府的坏政策予以阻止，否则这些阶段是会连续进行的。这四个阶段是：猎人的最初\"野蛮\"阶段，原始农业的第二阶段，封建或庄园\"耕作\"的第三阶段，商业上相互依存的第四阶段。每一阶段伴有与它的需要相适应的制度。例如，在猎人阶段中\"没有任何财产……因此，也就没有任何确立的行政长官或正规的司法行政\"。随着牛羊群的出现，产生了比较复杂的社会组织形式，不仅包括\"可怕的\"军队，而且有不可缺少的法律和秩序堡垒。斯密思想的核心是：这种制度是保护特权的工具，不能用自然法为之辩护。他说，\"文官政府是为了财产的安全而设立的，实际上是为保护富人反对穷人而设立的，即为了保护有些财产的人反对根本没有财产的人而设立的。\"最后，斯密将演进描述为从封建主义走向一个需要有新制度的社会阶段，这种新制度是由市场确定的而不是由同业公会确定的，是自由的而不是受政府限制的。这在后来称为放任自由的资本主义，斯密称之为完全自由的制度。这种物质生产基础的连续改变，将带来的上层建筑的必然改变，这和马克思主义的历史观有明显的相似之处。可是也有一个重大的差别：马克思主义体系中的最后动力是阶级斗争，而在斯密的哲学史中，主要的推动机制是\"人性\"，由自我改善的欲望所驱使，由理智所指导。 《国富论》远远不是一部通常所认为的学术论文。虽然斯密也劝说放任自由，但他的论证却更多地是反对政府干预和反对垄断；虽然他赞扬贪欲的结果，却又几乎总是鄙视商人的行为和策略。他也不认为商业制度本身是完全值得赞美的。 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